Quest For Literary Form The Greeks Believed That The...

Quest for literary form The Greeks believed that the tragedy was the greatest form of drama, and Aristotle’s concept of tragedy followed this belief. In the modern times, there has been a change in this view with various authors abandoning the classical form to follow more liberal forms of literacy. (Kennedy Gioia, Pp. 1203) Aristotle s Concept of Tragedy The analysis of Aristotle on tragedy formed the guideline for later poets in the Western civilization. Aristotle defined tragedy as â€Å"the simulation of actions that are stern, containing magnitudes, comprehensive in itself in a suitable and gratifying language in a dramatic system. It contains occurrences that stimulate pity and distress to achieve a catharsis of these feelings.† (Kennedy Gioia, Pp. 1203) Therefore, in poetry, Aristotle relates tragedy to some other metrical forms such as comedy and epic. Aristotle concludes that the tragedy just like all poetry is an arrangement of simulation, but it has serious determination and uses straight action rather than the description to obtain its purpose. He states that the imitation in poetry is the simulation of things as they ought to be and not as they are. (Kennedy Gioia, Pp. 1204) The object of tragedy is the result into catharsis of the audiences; this arouses in the audiences the feelings of pity and anxiety. Further, the object of tragedy at the end of the drama is to eliminate these feelings inShow MoreRelatedHedda Gabler - a Tragic Hero? Essay1256 Words   |  6 PagesWhat makes a play a tragedy? Generally defined, a Greek tragedy is â€Å"a drama of a serious and dignified character that typically describes the development of a conflict between the protagonist and a superior force (such as destiny, cir cumstance or society) and reaches a sorrowful or disastrous conclusion† (Merriam). The themes of the literary piece revolve around the main character and their actions, reactions, emotions and sufferings. This main figure is the tragic hero, who also acts as the play’sRead MoreFaustus Tragedy2251 Words   |  10 PagesDiscuss Dr. Faustus as a tragedy Dr. Faustus is a tragedy because the main character falls as a victim of his own circumstances, and is a victim of himself. He is a man with all the potential and possibilities to be successful. He is a Renaissance man who is versed in every aspect of science, philosophy, the arts, education, and genius, yet, he utilizes his energy and wit into absolutely nonsense and unnecessary goals, such as his obsession to be a magician, and his ridiculous fixation for power:Read MoreEssay about Ben Johnson and William Shakespeare 1275 Words   |  6 Pagesimpact the literary world in different ways. Ben Jonson and William Shakespeare had different experiences in life, styles of writing but both would leave a lasting mark on the literary world. Ben Jonsons life was filled with tragic events. The death of his father before he was born, the loss of his inheritance because of the reign of Mary Tudor, barely escaping a death sentence, and the loss of his sons and daughters life were tragic events that shaped the man. Despite the tragedies there wereRead MoreGreek Mythology8088 Words   |  33 PagesGreek  Mythology   I   INTRODUCTION   Temple  of  Apollo  at  Didyma   The  Greeks  built  the  Temple  of  Apollo  at  Didyma,  Turkey  (about  300  bc).  The  temple  supposedly  housed  an  oracle   who  foretold  the  future  to  those  seeking  knowledge.  The  predictions  of  the  oracles,  delivered  in  the  form  of  riddles,   often  brought  unexpected  results  to  the  seeker.  With  Ionic  columns  reaching  19.5  m  (64  ft)  high,  these  ruins   suggest  the  former  grandeur  of  the  ancient  temple.   Bernard  Cox/Bridgeman  Art  Library,  London/New  York   Read MoreConcept of Beauty According to the Western Philosophers4706 Words   |  19 Pageshave had some love for the arts, because he talks about them often, and his remarks show that he paid close attention to what he saw and heard. He was also a fine literary stylist and a great story-teller; in fact he is said to have been a poet before he encountered Socrates and became a philosopher. Some of his dialogues are real literary masterpieces. On the other hand, he found the arts threatening. He proposed sending the poets and playwrights out of his ideal Republic, or at least censoring whatRead MoreAnalysis Of The Speech Praise Of Eros On Plato Symposium1785 Words   |  8 Pages Jose A. Nunez Introduction to Philosophy 1113 Professor Dr. Sarah Woolvine March 23rd, 2015. Tittle: Analysis of Speeches Given in Praise of Eros on Plato’ Symposium Among the ancient Greek philosophers, Plato was one of the greatest. Known for his remarkable philosophical works, Plato was born into a very prominent Athenian family, and he was expected to have a proliferous political career, but the political scene at that time made Plato devote himself instead to his philosophicalRead MoreModernist Elements in the Hollow Men7051 Words   |  29 PagesMen (95-98). The end of The Hollow Men can only be the beginning of a deep and long reflection for thoughtful readers. T.S. Eliot, who always believed that in his end is his beginning, died and left his verse full of hidden messages to be understood, and codes to be deciphered. It is this complexity, which is at the heart of modernism as a literary movement, that makes of Eliot’s poetry very typically modernist. As Ezra Pound once famously stated, Eliot truly did â€Å"modernize himself†. AlthoughRead Moreâ€Å"the Spirit of Renaissance and Elizabethan Era†5448 Words   |  22 Pages Third, some of the noblest ideals of the period were best expressed by the movement known as Humanism. Fourth, and connected to Humanist ideals, was the literary doctrine of imitation, important for its ideas about how literary works should be created. Finally, what later probably became an even more far-reaching influence, both on literary creation and on modern life in general, was the re ligious movement known as the Reformation. Renaissance thinkers strongly associated themselves withRead MoreEssay on Tragic Flaws in Oedipus the King3561 Words   |  15 PagesOedipus the King, Sophocles’ classical Greek tragedy, presents tragic flaw(s) as the cause of   the near-total destruction of the life of the protagonist. This essay examines that flaw. In his essay â€Å"Sophoclean Tragedy† Friedrich Nietzsche agrees that there is an â€Å"error† within the protagonist, but refrains from specifying exactly what it is: The most pathetic figure of the Greek theatre, the unfortunate Oedipus, Sophocles takes to be a noble man called to error and alienation in spite ofRead More Mythology in Oedipus Rex Essays3980 Words   |  16 Pageshave been, who naturally did and suffered what the tales say they did and suffered?† That was his method of analysis (38).    The Greek Sophoclean tragedy Oedipus Rex is based on a myth from the Homeric epic Odysseus. With his tragic flaw the protagonist, Oedipus, lives out the main episodes of the Homeric myth.    In his essay â€Å"Sophoclean Tragedy† Friedrich Nietzsche searches out the mythology in this drama, and finds that the story originates in Persia:    Oedipus who murders

Chapter 12 Is That A Symbol - 1083 Words

Chapter 12: Is That A Symbol? Accepting the fact that something is a symbol is easy. However, finding out what it means or what it stands for. Symbols can interpret more than one thing, we can only discuss possible meanings and interpretations. Symbols are not only built on associations readers have, but also on emotional reactions which captures the reader emotionally. f it isn’t symbolism, its allegory, which stands for other things on a one-for-one basis that convey a certain message. The cave is a symbol of secrets and mysteries represents mainly by how the reader engages the story. Keys: We want symbols to mean something, something for all of us Allegory fails if there is obscurity between the i) emblem, ii) the figurative construct. iii) the thing it really represents The message is usually hidden, the reader must find it out by themselves Symbols do not work neatly Actions can be symbolic Chapter 13: It’s All Political If literature isn’t Shakespearean or biblical, it is political. Foster wrote this chapter to convey to the readers that almost every story is inspired by the political problems that is around the writer. For example, a very old, and popular story, â€Å"The Christmas Carol.† Foster claims that the tale was really an attack to a widely taken political belief at the time. There are two different types of political writing. One is â€Å"I hate â€Å"political† writing,† this is the type that Foster dislikes because of their â€Å"primary intents to influence theShow MoreRelatedSymbolism Of The Scarlet Letter By Nathanial Hawthorne881 Words   |  4 PagesSymbolism is the use of symbols to express or represent ideas or qualities in literature. There are many symbols throughout Nathanial Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter. The characters and many different things throughout the book are all symbolic, but the main symbol in the novel is the letter â €Å"A† on Hester Prynne’s gown. Not only are there many symbols throughout the novel, but the letter â€Å"A† has many different representations of itself such as, adultery, which is the main symbol for the â€Å"A,† her abilityRead MoreDesign And Fpga Implementation Of Ofdm Synchronization1254 Words   |  6 PagesChapter 5 Design and FPGA Implementation of OFDM Synchronization The channel estimation technique proposed in Chapter 4 is based on the assumption that the coherent reception is perfect. That is, the system synchronization is perfectly implemented. Synchronization is one of the most challenging and important tasks to any receiver using coherent modulation, especially for OFDM systems which are highly sensitive to synchronization errors. This chapter proposes a synchronizer based upon the delayRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Of And It Gon Na Hurt You 1203 Words   |  5 PagesMrs. Jones English 101 28 August 2015 Chapter Analysis of How to Read Literature like a Professor (chapters 11-15, 18-27) Chapter 11 - ...More Than It’s Gonna Hurt You: Concerning Violence The main objective of this chapter is to describe violence and its purpose in a literary work. In this chapter, the author speaks of violence and the two kinds of violence which are the specific injury and the narrative violence. Violence can be described as symbolic, thematic, biblical, Shakespearean, romanticRead MoreEssay about How to Read Literature Like a Professor1562 Words   |  7 PagesHow to Read Literature Like a Professor by Thomas C. Foster Chapter Reflections Introduction: How’d He Do That? * How do memory, symbol, and pattern affect the reading of literature? How does the recognition of patterns make it easier to read complicated literature? Discuss a time when your appreciation of a literary work was enhanced by understanding symbol or pattern. * When reading literature: memory, symbol, and pattern help you understand the text better. If you don’t comprehendRead MoreNotes On Reading Literature Like A Professor Log1286 Words   |  6 PagesRead Literature Like a Professor Log Chapter 1: Every Trip is a Quest (Except When It’s Not) From this chapter, In learned that the truth behind all quests is to find self-knowledge. Most of the time, the people on the quest are young and inexperienced, but by the end of their adventure, they’ve found their niche, and completed their mission. There is always a quester, a place to go, a reason to go, challenges and trials en route, and the real reason to go. Chapter 2: Nice to Eat with You: Acts of CommunionRead MoreThemes And Symbolism In The Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne705 Words   |  3 PagesIn most novels, symbols are introduced to the readers often through prevalent attributes. In The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, there are many people, places, and objects that hold a more complex meaning than it’s shown to be. This novel, containing shame, secrets, and ultimately retribution is shown with many characters and situations. These symbolic ideas are used throughout The Scarlet Letter to bring deep connections between the characters and the story. The symbols usually appear toRead MoreThe Color Purple Chapter 11267 Words   |  6 PagesKim Magtibay Mrs. Gregory AP Literature and Composition 21 August 2017 Summer Reading Assignment The Color Purple Ch. 1 â€Å"Every Trip is a Quest† In this chapter, Foster addresses the five elements of a quest: a quester, a place to go, a stated reason to go there, some challenges and trials on the way, and a real reason to go there. At the end of the quest, the questers learn that the real reason is always for self knowledge and self growth. Celie, the protagonist, struggles to find happiness and comfortRead MoreSymbolism Of The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne923 Words   |  4 PagesSymbolism is a common approach used in writing, but it is not to be taken for its exact connotation. In literature, the symbol can be a person, item, circumstance, or action that has a more profound significance in the writing. In The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne there are four main symbols that the reader would notice. The symbols include, the colors red and black, the meteor, Pearl, and the scarlet letter itself. Hawthorne uses symbolism in the novel to communicate his message. In thisRead MoreImplementing Android Based Application For Attendance Management System For Colleges994 Words   |  4 Pages DFD LEVEL 0 7 3. DFD LEVEL 1 7 4. DFD LEVEL 2 9 5. USE-CASE DIAGRAM 10 6. SEQUENCE DIAGRAM 11 7. ACTIVITY DIAGRAM 12 LIST OF SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS AND NOMENCLATURE End1 End2 End association Actor1 Actor User System Boundary Action state Control flowRead MoreThe Significance of the Title To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee1095 Words   |  5 PagesThe Significance of the Title To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee In this novel the most significant symbol is the mocking bird. A mocking bird is a type of Finch: a small, discrete bird with a beautiful song, which mocks or imitates the other birds song. One of the most explicit references made about mocking birds is that in chapter 10. Atticus is telling Scout and Jem how top use their shotguns for the first time, he says, Shoot all the bluejays you want, if

Mkt for Cafe de Coral free essay sample

This report will discuss the marketing plan of Cafe de Coral. This report will have four major components namely marketing strategy, coordination of the marketing mix, action plan, and control. Under the marketing strategy are the four essential elements of the marketing mix such as product, pricing, place, and promotion, each of which will include a detailed discussion on the relevant strategies. Cafe de Coral is the leading fast food brand in Hong Kong. With its average of 300,000 consumers being served daily, Cafe de Coral is undoubtedly the undisputed leading fast food restaurant in Hong Kong. The company attributes its becoming the most successful fast food brand in Hong Kong to its broad experience from being a part of the food and catering industry for 34 years. Since Cafe de Coral has been in the business for such a long time, its proven experience has made Cafe de Coral one of leading companies in Asia. Cafe de Coral is a fast food enterprise that is becoming more and more global. Since Cafe de Coral is the largest restaurant chain throughout the world, it is not surprising that Cafe de Coral is listed in the Hong Kong stock exchange. Cafe de Coral has various business operations and has even managed global expansion. The major business operations of Cafe de Coral include fast food restaurants, institutional catering, specialty restaurants, food manufacturing and distribution, and other international food and beverage enterprises. Since the loyal consumers of fast food restaurants are developing perceptions of fast food outlets because of communicating with other consumers, being exposed to promotions and advertising campaigns, and personally experiencing fast food service in the past, and other sources, international fast food consumption is increasingly becoming popular in the market. In the food service business, it is recognised that marketing strategies should understand the perceptions and preferences of the consumers for quick service restaurants and how these vary across segments. Marketing Strategy With the wide variety of fast food restaurants, the promotional campaigns of Cafe de Coral must develop a perception among people that Cafe de Coral are the best fast food restaurants in Hong Kong and in other countries. The positioning of Cafe de Coral can be enhanced and changed by means of careful and selective promotional campaigns. Cafe de Coral serves various fast foods, mostly served sizzling on a single-serving iron skillet. Cafe de Coral restaurants are fast food versions of favourite Chinese dishes served mostly in high-end restaurants and luxurious hotels. This seems to be though for a fast food chain like Cafe de Coral. On the other hand, technological developments have provided numerous opportunities for the food retailing industry in Hong Kong and elsewhere. Having said this, there is no reason for Cafe de Coral not to consider technology in its marketing efforts. Since the goal is to commercially diversify the market, Cafe de Coral should integrate social network advertising to increase its web presence. There are many ways by which Cafe de Coral may be able to utilize social media marketing in its operation. This may be a marketing strategy that could be launched in 2013 and beyond. Cafe de Coral has to communicate with the different markets that they operate in, inside and outside Hong Kong. Again, the operation is geographically disseminated that it would be impracticable for the business to do such at the individual level. Social marketing medium can therefore provide consumers with more insight about the business while also engaging them in the contents of the site. Cafe de Coral can easily target large portion of the consumer market through social networking sites. The plan is to create value for the consumers through communicating with them through the social networking medium. Social media is considered as new-age platforms where connecting, sharing, communicating, and building relationships are possible. Social media constantly evolves, and it now includes blog and social networking sites such as Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter. Capitalizing on the marketing capabilities of the social media is the current wave. These platforms emerged as the leading and the most cost-effective way of promoting brands, leading to greater brand awareness by means of word-of-mouth marketing among others. There will be two components that will be integrated for social networking marketing namely loyalty programme and coupons and discounts. To illustrate: Product strategy Cafe de Coral offers various food selections. The menu of Cafe de Coral is especially designed in order to meet the tastes and budgets of the onsumers. With its 100 items on the menu, Cafe de Coral indeed has a lot to offer. This wide range of food options is made for consumers looking for best-tasting food at affordable prices that comes with an enjoyable dining experience. The food items included on the menu are rotated on a regular basis so that the consumers would have various choices. The standard menus vary from Western cuisine to traditional Chinese dishe s. Cafe de Coral also introduces new products to their consumers regularly. Through social network marketing, new products will be launched to the public. Information on the new food products will be made public through the different social networking mediums. There are two ways by which the social media presence will be utilized. First is through online advertising and promotion including letting the consumers know of daily specials and meal packages and purchasing them through their loyalty cards. Second is through product value by letting the consumers the access to downloadable coupons and discounts by just visiting, liking, and interacting with others on the social networks. Cafe de Coral shall have a branding strategy that focuses on the emotion. This can be coupled with an exclusive loyalty programme. Issuing of loyalty cards could become a structured marketing initiative for Cafe de Coral which aims are rewarding and encouraging the Hong Kong consumers to do repeat purchases. The loyalty card will function as a credit and debit card as well as. People cannot underestimate the power of loyalty cards especially for the affluent consumers who would want to become ethical shoppers as well. Some consumers are not making a purchase for the sole purpose of purchasing. Sometimes, they purchase because of the advocacy behind such purchase. Cafe de Coral may au am at advocacy programmes including fundraising for a special cause. Pricing strategy At this point in time, the pricing strategy of Cafe de Coral is well-received by the food savvy public in Hong Kong, but of course, coupons and discounts will be welcome. In this way, Cafe de Coral can consider a dynamic pricing strategy which Strauss and Frost (1999) noted as a way of diversifying the prices offered for the consumers. That is, the prices of the products can be offered at a lower price when they are loyalty card holders. The same goes if they have downloaded coupons and present them upon purchasing their order where discounted prices will be offered. Nagle and Holden (2000) said that price sensitivity will move along with the changing value effects of the products. This is more so when substitute to the products are known to the consumers. Cafe de Coral is at an advantage since the food products offered are relatively unique wherein there are little substitute to the wide range of products offered by Cafe de Coral. Basically, Cafe de Coral is currently price inelastic, resulting to not having to change prices due to the fluctuating demand. Prices of the new products will be made public through the social networking sites. Discounts will be offered at a specified period of time so that the Hong Kong consumers will be able to taste the new products at a lower launching price. There will be price- and discount-related campaigns like receiving 20% discount coupons for the first 100 visitors and likers of a Facebook campaign, for instance. Place strategy All of the Cafe de Coral restaurants are strategically located. This is done so in order to be easily accessible for its target markets and attract new consumers. Cafe de Coral restaurants can be found in various mixed use districts, business cores, shopping centres, industrial areas (public and private), and housing estates. The modern design and warm ambiance of the restaurants encourage the consumers to come back and attract new consumers. Thus, Cafe de Coral serves as a favourite meeting place for many people. Basically, Cafe de Coral’s social networking profiles will be the new distribution channel. The Internet will be the place where facilitation of purchase of products will take place. With the use of social networking sites at Cafe de Coral’s disposal, it will have greater capabilities of encouraging the locals to try out new meal offerings and to a wider audience. Promotion strategy Cafe de Coral has been committed to Achieving a Hundred Points of Excellence. This catch phrase is now commonly heard from and used by people. Effective advertising campaigns are launched continuously as a part of the on-going campaign of Cafe de Coral to strengthen the Brand. Through these advertisement campaigns, the brand image of Cafe de Coral has been further improved because the campaigns have resulted in the positioning of Cafe de Coral as not only the place for best tasting and affordable food but as a popular meeting place of different people as well. With respect to social networking marketing, there are specific issues that Cafe de Coral will have to deal with, and these points to creating awareness about the social networking presence, loyalty programme, and downloadable discounts and coupons. There should be offline and online strategies. Offline promotional strategies will include different suggestive navigational tools. Some of these are â€Å"Visit Cafe de Coral’s Facebook/Twitter/Youtube page for more details†¦. † or â€Å"Check out our Facebook/Twitter/Youtube page for more information†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In this way, the consumers will be encouraged to visit and explore the web presence of the firm. Another way of showing potential consumers with the new products at Cafe de Coral is through using direct marketing. Utilisation of virtual portals like train stations, sides of the buses, airport walls and hallways, and leisure parks and gyms must be apparent, announcing the web presence and how to avail the loyalty cards unique to Cafe de Coral as well as coupons and discounts. There are several online promotional strategies that can be utilised in creating consumer awareness. Generating leads and sending potential consumers with direct mails are advisable. Cafe de Coral may easily generate a response through this strategy. The second is through hiring Internet spaces. The third is through online collaborations or by teaming up with the affiliated companies like hotels. Coordination of 4Ps Understanding how the 4Ps interact would be very helpful for fast food restaurants in terms of targeting different segments for promoting fast food and enhancing or changing the perceptions of the consumers. This would result in a higher consumer demand for fast food restaurants. The marketing strategies of Cafe de Coral should reflect a sound understanding of the perceptions of the consumers for fast food restaurants. According to Parry (2004), strategic marketing management is a process that is driven by various fundamental decisions involving the synergism between the product, price, place, and promotion strategies unique to a business like Cafe de Coral. Cafe de Coral must know what matters and what might matter to potential consumers. Perhaps, one of this could be savings considering the very unstable economic conditions. Also, of those things that matter to the potential consumers, which Cafe de Coral should focus? Of course, the locals favour high quality foods and dining at an affordable price, and in accessible places. The social networking marketing strategy therefore can be considered as Cafe de Coral’s way of retaining the market more so because Hong Kong is increasingly becoming a breeding ground for new restaurants and with new concepts and themes. This strategy, including the loyalty programme and downloadable coupons and discounts, will definitely lead to the improvements of the performance and sustenance of the sales and profits. The marketing mix forms part of the relationship building that Cafe de Coral should strive at. Gummeson (2004) said that the strategy will contribute to the return on relationships in the long run wherein the foundation is the establishment and maintenance of consumer relationships at the individual level. The strategy could also mean the changing and complications needs for information, which should come handy. Cafe de Coral invests on its products, processes, and people, offering them at the highest possible quality level. The coordination of these factors is the one delivering value through relation-based sales hence this is the element that will make a difference for Cafe de Coral. The goal is through social media marketing Cafe de Coral would be able to build relationships with the right customers with the right products, with the right prices, at the right places, and through the right channels. Action Plan The action plan for the social marketing strategy will be divided into two phases. The first is through creating the social media presence and second is through promoting the social media presence. Spontaneously, the loyalty programme will be detailed and the downloadable coupons and discounts will be carefully planned. The social media presence will provide information to the consuming locals. It will also have an indirect commercial function since transactions will not be made through the sites, but the sites will have downloadable coupons and discounts that can be directly used when they purchase at any Cafe de Coral store. It would be best for Cafe de Coral to hire an expert on social media marketing. Social media marketing experts will develop highly customized social media marketing campaigns for Cafe de Coral encompassing different social media channels. The experts will devise the social media marketing plan after a thorough business needs assessment of Cafe de Coral. This will be followed by implementing the social media marketing strategies in lieu with the results of the assessment. This can result in highly targeted market that will have retained interest in the brand. In the second phase, word of mouth is the most effective way to promote the social media presence. However, Cafe de Coral will utilise various website promotional strategies as noted above. Budget Since the objective of having a social media presence is long-term, free online social media marketing services must be avoided. While the creation of social media presence is free of charge, hiring an expert to do that for the firm and maintaining the social presence may be costly. However, Cafe de Coral will not spend more than HK$50,000 for such on a yearly basis, so this should be a conservative estimate. Implementation The first phase of the action plan will take about 3 months – 1 month for the actual creation of the social media presence and 2 months for pilot testing, analysing, and implementing it. After the social media presence has been launched, it can now be promoted through the activities discussed.

What is social work and why do we need it free essay sample

To clearly define what social work is can be difficult due to the diversity of the profession. The reasons we need social work are a little easier to identify. Through examination of current literature, this paper examines what social work is and why we need social work Often when we meet someone new the first question they ask is â€Å"what do you do for a living? † This question of what we do appears to be something that, in many ways, defines us as a person. When the question of what we do is answered with â€Å"I am a social worker† it tends to lead to additional questions such as â€Å"what is a social worker? † or â€Å"what does a social worker do? † Through examination of some of the current literature on the topic of social work, this paper will seek to answer the question â€Å"what is social work and why do we need it? † The question â€Å"what is social work? † should be an easy one to answer. We will write a custom essay sample on What is social work and why do we need it or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The definition of social work is readily available from The International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW) who defines social work as: â€Å"The social work profession promotes social change, problem solving in human relationships and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being. Utilising theories of human behaviours and social systems, social work intervenes at the point where people interact with their environments. Principles of human rights and social justice are fundamental to social work† (IFSW, 2012). But what does that really mean? In order to fully understand what social work is, first we need to examine social works origins (Skehill, 2007). According to Mendes (2010), understanding the history of social work is an important aspect in developing social works identity. Social works origins can be traced back to early 1800’s to a group known as the ‘Friendly Visitors’ (Chenoweth McAuliffe, 2012). The Friendly Visitors would go and visit poor and needy families and assess them and then attempt to help them. The Charity Organization Society (COS) was the next step in social works historical development, again focused on individuals needs (Chenoweth McAuliffe, 2012). The Settlement Movement followed the COS and this was where a split began to form in the role of social work, one which can easily be seen today (Hugman, 2009). According to Hugman (2009), The Settlement Movement took a more structured approach to people’s problems and looked working more on a community level. This approach is classed by Hugman (2009) as a macro-level approach, one which differs from the more individualistic approach which is categorized as a micro-level approach. According to Sandu (2010), many American and European social workers in the early 20th century started to believe that individual treatment was pointless if not done in conjunction with larger social issues which addressed social policy and change on a larger level. Social work has evolved since its beginnings. According to Hugman (2009), social work has constantly been plagued with disagreement regarding its true identity. From a very individualistic focus during its beginnings, social work appears to have split into two parts. Social work can focus on the individual, seeking to use a therapeutic approach to help the individual, or focus on larger social objectives, such as social justice and human rights. Payne (2005) believes that the nature of social work can be divided into three areas, the Reflective-therapeutic approach, the Individualist-reformist approach and the Socialist-collectivist approach. Both the Reflective-therapeutic approach and the Individualist-reformist approach focus more on individual change while the Socialist-collectivist approach focuses on larger social systems (Payne, 2005). While both approaches are essential aspects of social work Chu, Tsui and Yan (2009) believe the pursuit of social justice must be balanced with individual well being. Hudson (1997) believes that this duel focus on both the individual and society as a whole has allowed social work to draw information from other human services professions such as psychology and sociology and while this sees some overlap between different human services professions, it has also allowed social work to develop its own identity. This divide between micro and macro approaches to social work makes it difficult to clearly define exactly what social work is. The definition of what social work is appears to be very much dependent upon the individual social workers approach to social work as a whole and their practice framework, which helps them define exactly what social work is. However, there are a few key principals which all social workers would agree upon. According to Chu, Tsui and Yan (2009), the principals of human rights and social justice are regarded by social workers as fundamental elements of social work. The ultimate goal of social work is to help people solve their problems while at the same time retaining their dignity (Chu, Tsui Yan, 2009). That is what social work ultimately is, helping people with their problems, while at the same time helping them hold onto their dignity. But why is social work needed? The social work profession finds itself in a unique position. The very thing which makes it so difficult to define, the conflicting views between individual work and larger social issues are the very thing which explains why we need social work. Social workers can work with individuals, families, groups and communities. They can work on change and update to social policy, research as well as education and training (Chenoweth McAuliffe, 2012). Having such a massive domain to cover allows social workers to experience what changes are actually needed. Social workers ability to look at both the micro level and the macro level allow them the unique opportunity to see the things that need to be changed on an individual level and try to make those changes required on a macro level. Very few other professions have this ability. Some focus on individual change, some focus on social policy, law and human rights, but few if any have the ability to do both. Society needs social workers because there will always be people in need, people who are less fortunate than others. Those people need a voice, they need advocates and social work offers some level of hope to the less fortunate. To clearly define what social work is can be difficult due to the diversity of the profession. The reasons we need social work are a little easier to identify. Through examination of current literature, this paper has briefly examined what social work is and why we need social work.

Secret of Greatness Essay Essay Example

Secret of Greatness Essay Paper Hard Work and Opportunity Gets You Further Than Natural Talent â€Å"Talent is cheaper than table salt. What separates the gifted person from the successful 1 is a batch of difficult work. † ? Stephen King. Hard work and dedication is what will acquire you to the top. A individual can hold all the endowments in the universe but that can merely acquire you so far. If you do non hold the thrust. finding. and dedication to win in whatever you do you will non win or suppress it as you would if you had put in the difficult work to acquire better. Endowment is overrated and overreacted. It is something that you are born with non something you have really worked toward. The quotation mark by Stephen King explains a batch it tells us that non merely is talent cheap or something that is non worked for but it tells us that it is given and besides it tells us what separates a gifted person from success is difficult work which is something non given at all. Hard work is something you have to desire for yourself and you have to travel after it with everything you have to win. Besides in the book â€Å"Outliers† it is said that working difficult and practising will acquire you further than sheer endowment and that if you pattern 10. 000 hours you will be first-class at your athletics or activity. The chief thing that I took from this was work ethic. because in order for you to be first-class at something or the best you have to hold a great work ethic which brings success. Take Tiger Forests for case. We will write a custom essay sample on Secret of Greatness Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Secret of Greatness Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Secret of Greatness Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He was a born victor right? Ever since Tiger was three old ages of age he had a golf nine in his custodies. He had competed many times and made a great impact at the professional degree. But Tiger may hold neer got to the professional degree if he had non worked. Ever since being a kid to an grownup he had worked toward his profession reviewing his accomplishment doing himself the jock he is today. At a immature age besides Tigers male parent had instilled Tiger with a great trade of subject which Tiger had carried with him as he worked toward his profession and devoted hours and hours into difficult work in dedication. Through his usage of subject and difficult work he had to refashion his swing twice but he knew in order to be the best he would hold to make so. A individual that works difficult is respected and looked up to because of the clip he or she devotes to be the best. A individual that takes endowment for granted and does non work hard is looked down upon. Endowment is som ething that people are born with but if you do non take the chance to acquire better so you will non be the best. Opportunity is such a large word because it gives you the opportunity to win or be the best when we talk about difficult work increasing your endowment. Michael Jordan which is one of the best hoops participants to of all time populate. but he may hold neer been the best participant to of all time populate if it was non for chance and difficult work. Michael Jordan was placed on the junior-varsity squad at Laney High school in Wilmington N. C from the deceit of his former manager Clifton â€Å"pop† Herring. Coach Herring had made this determination because most of the upperclassmen were guaranteed at that place get downing places on the varsity squad. At the clip underclassmen barely had played but Coach herring had made an exclusion for Michael`s fellow teammate Leroy Smith who had stood 6`7 and had made the varsity squad. Even though Michael did non do the Varsity squad he continued to ball out on his Junior Varsity squad and do the best of it. However Over the summer he gre w four inches taller and had worked hard toward his end to do his high school hoops squad. His junior twelvemonth. Michael had an chance to do the squad and non to give up on his end and that’s precisely what he did. Because of Jordan`s chance to endeavor for his end to be the best. he had gone on to be known as one of the best participants to of all time step upon the tribunal. I understand that people may state. â€Å"Well if the endowment is at that place. why should I work? † And that in some athleticss it is sort of about endowment more than work. but what I am reasoning is that difficult work and dedication will acquire you further than natural endowment does. The result of a gifted single wining more than the hardworking person in non every bit great as a hardworking single succeeding over a natural Born talented athlete or gifted person of any sort. In life you have to work hard to be at the top. Many people who sit back and rely on their natural abilities tend to pay the monetary value because they neer had that thrust. finding. and work ethic. Many jocks are gifted in many ways and have tonss of endowment but they tend to lose sight of what is of import and that is the difficult work that you put in. Many of us are faced with many battles in our lives but in order to get the better of our battles we have to be prepared to work hard and travel after what we want. Thingss in lif e are non traveling to be given to you and people that use their natural ability and neer work hard be given to see many battles because they have no readying to suppress the undertaking at manus. Take Bill Gates for case a money doing machine who started out every bit merely an intelligent. ambitious. and determined child that had been known as the smartest child on campus. Bill Gates endowment was his wide spectrum of cognition. As a child he was enrolled in a private school for his outstanding attempts in the schoolroom. Bill so was introduced to computing machines and began to take a immense involvement in engineering. Since so Bill had lived on computing machines. working on them and passing many strenuous hours reviewing his accomplishment. He so was put in a programmer`s group. they found a new manner to use their computing machine accomplishment at the University of Washington. In the following twelvemonth. they got their first chance in Information Sciences Inc. in which they were selected as coders. They were allowed free computing machine clip for exchange to work on a piece of package that could be used to automatize company paysheets. Bill had spent twenty to thir ty hours a hebdomad on computing machines or more. This chance got Bill prepared and made him even more focussed on his end in life. Bill had a endowment but it all goes back to his work ethic. He invariably worked difficult and set up tonss of hours in order to now be one of the richest work forces in America and he still is working and endeavoring for even more money. We can all be like Michael Jordan or Bill Gates but we have to acknowledge the chances which are given and take full advantage of each and every chance and utilize each chance to endeavor for better. Believing that difficult work will acquire you farther so natural endowment. Remembering that by working difficult and seting forth one hundred per centum in whatever you do you will be prepared and ready for what’s in your manner in front. By fixing yourself you will non hold to pay the monetary value of neglecting because of traveling off of natural born endowment all along. Remember no 1 looks up to a individual that doesn’t work for what God has given them. people look up to 1s that strive to be the best by seting in the blood. perspiration. and cryings to win at their ends. Work CitedColvin. Geoffrey. â€Å"Secret of Greatness. † 19 10 2006: n. page Golliver. Ben. â€Å"High school manager: I neer cut Michael Jordan. † CNN. Sports. 10 January2012. Web. 15 Nov. 2013. . Gladwell. Malcolm. Outliers. the Story of Success. Little. Brown A ; Company

No Steroids Needed Professor Ramos Blog

No Steroids Needed How would you behave if you had a chance to build your athletic career? If you had a chance to use steroids for your benefit, would you take them? Why do so many athletes take an injection before their every game? The problem of steroids is quite relevant and controversial nowadays. According to the latest surveys, more than 80% of professional athletes use steroids to win a competition. Therefore, it is easier to find a ‘clean’ athlete who plays fairly than a cheater. Steroids should be banned from sports because it is unfair to the players that dont use them. They wont be able to compete at the same level and will, therefore, fall behind. The quality of the sport is compromised because its no longer about which athlete has the best skills and talent, its now about which athlete has more money to buy the best steroids. And lastly, steroids are so dangerous.    Athletes achieve their success knowing they work hard to attain it and can truly say they accomplished something that makes them better at what they do. All athletes must practice often and stay consistent to get more proficient in their field of play. The pressures of performing well on the field often drives many athletes to use steroids. The growing popularity of steroids is connected with the rapid development of pharmaceutics. Many medical laboratories and institutes make money producing different types of performance-enhancing drugs. Furthermore, they try to produce such injections that cannot be detected when an athlete is checked on the banned substances. Most of the time people dont realize the long term effects that result from the decisions they make early in life. In a 1995 survey, aspiring Olympic athletes revealed that well over half of them would take a performance-enhancing drug if it would guarantee to win every competition for five years, even though taking this dru g would kill them (Longman 2001). Anabolic steroids stimulate muscle tissue to grow and bulk up in response to training by mimicking the effect of naturally produced testosterone on the body. Anabolic steroids can remain in the body anywhere from a couple of days to about a year. Steroids have become popular because they may improve endurance, strength, and muscle mass. However, research has not shown that steroids improve skill, agility, or athletic performance. Steroids can also have serious psychological side effects. Some users may become aggressive or combative, believe things that arent true (delusions), or have extreme feelings of mistrust or fear (paranoia). And people who use steroids also appear to be at higher risk for using other drugs, such as alcohol or cocaine, often to counteract some of the negative effects of steroids. Steroid users who inject the drugs with a needle are at risk for infection with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), the virus that causes AIDS, if they share needles with other users. People who use dirty needles are also at risk for contracting hepatitis, a liver disease, or bacterial endocarditis, an infection of the inner lining of the heart. The use of performance enhancers is cheating because it violates the constitutive rules of the activity. Since such use is cheating, it is wrong and we should expect the disqualification of competitors who are caught using. This conclusion is established through a simple and straightforward argument. Cheating is deliberate, knowing, and voluntary violation of certain constitutive rules in order to gain a competitive advantage. Since the violation is knowing, the attempt to gain an advantage is illegitimate and unethical, and the advantage sought is thus unfair. The objects of doping control are clear. The essence of a sporting contest is that it should be fairly conducted, with the competitors success or failure being the result of natural talents like speed, skill, endurance, tactical awareness honed, it may be, by instruction, training and body maintenance in its widest sense. The much-used metaphor a level playing field derives from the sport. The use of drugs violates all such notions of equality: the drug taker starts with an unfair advantage. Success becomes the product of the test tube, not the training track. The interests of innocent athletes need protection by the punishment of the guilty. Anabolic steroids enhance performance by increasing the size of the muscles which increases their strength. As a result of this, overall body fat is reduced as well. Both of these contribute to better physical performance. It has also been noted by the Australian Academy of Science That those taking anabolic steroids tend to recover from injury faster. Stimulants can enhance key aspects such as increased blood flow from an increased heart rate can disperse oxygen throughout the body faster, increasing endurance and even healing injuries faster. Sharper focus can increase response time, allowing athletes to better react while competing. Steroids can stay in the body for 14 to 28 days and can be detected through heightened levels of testosterone and steroid metabolites in the user’s blood. Urinalysis and hair follicle test is also among the common methods used to detect the presence of steroids in the body. In addition to these two tests, various new methods, such as HPLC, GC, Immunoassay, and Radioimmunoassay, should also be introduced by sports authorities for testing steroids. The only things that works to discourage the use of steroids are testing and penalties. You can talk about personal responsibility until youre blue in the face, but to stop steroid use, testing is necessary.   For example, in Major League Baseball, every single player from every team is tested twice a year; once right before the start of the season, and then once more randomly during the season. In some unusual cases, when a player is suspected to be using, they can be tested within 48 hours. Even Cocaine has ceased to be big proble ms in professional football because of testing. In most other professional sports, the inmates are running the asylum. There is no effective and consistent testing, and the penalties are pitiful. Steroid drug tests need to be required starting as early as high school all the way to professional because of the unfair advantages that these drugs offer to athletes. Steroids provide increased strength and stamina. Athletes who are found guilty of using these drugs should be suspended from competition and given heavy fines. Millard-Stafford, Mindy L. â€Å"Sports Medicine.† Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 30 Dec. 2015, britannica.com/science/sports-medicine. Millard-Stafford, Mindy L. â€Å"Sports Medicine.† Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 30 Dec. 2015, britannica.com/science/sports-medicine. â€Å"Primary Care Sports Medicine Physician.† ExploreHealthCareers.org, explorehealthcareers.org/field/sports-medicine/. â€Å"Sports Medicine Fellowship at Overlook.† Chilton Medical Center Hospital in Pompton Plains, NJ Atlantic Health, atlantichealth.org/professionals-medical-education/fellowships/sports-medicine-fellowship-overlook.html. â€Å"Sports Medicine Professionals.† HealthyChildren.org, healthychildren.org/English/family-life/health-management/pediatric-specialists/Pages/Sports-Medicine-Professionals.aspx. â€Å"Sports Medicine.† ScienceDaily, ScienceDaily, sciencedaily.com/terms/sports_medicine.htm.

Modeling cancer biology Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Modeling cancer biology - Article Example In another example, Dr. Galit Lahav studies the tumour suppressor gene p53, both theoretically and experimentally. She feels that models will help biologists to predict the behaviour of the network in response to different treatments and also to experiment with new ideas (Cobb, p.19.). Dr. Zvia Agur’s model of three inter-connected modules of partial differential equations revealed that a single anti-angiogenesis drug is insufficient to eliminate a tumour and the clinical trials with Avastin monotherapy subsequently confirmed the results. Dr. Vito Quaranta’s experiments in modelling the invasion by cancer cells in collaboration with mathematician Dr. Alexander Anderson revealed that radiation, chemotherapy and normal drugs may actually accelerate the growth of cancer cells (p.22.). In Kristin Swanson’s opinion (as cited in Cobb, 2007), rather than using diagnostic MRI alone, if it is used along with her model simulating spread of glioma cells in brain tumour, it will be possible to predict survival with very reasonable accuracy for an individual patient (p.23.). The point that emerges out of these examples is the need for much more joint collaborative efforts of biologists and mathematicians. Initiatives like the â€Å"Integrative Cancer Biology Program (ICBP)† will help promote such collaboration. Quaranta feels that the mathematics-driven simulations will become more common and this will drastically alter methods of experimental oncology for the better (Cobb, p.24.). The article ends with a general feeling of optimism about a fast approaching new era in cancer

Strategic management (General Motors) Case Study

Strategic management (General Motors) - Case Study Example The company recorded revenues of $185.5 billion up by about 4.6% from $177.3 billion in 2002. Although GM's global market share declined to 14.7 percent from 15.0 percent, three out of its four automotive regions posted gains. Leading market position: GM has consistently maintained its leading position as the world's largest vehicle manufacturer. In US it is the league of the big three with Ford and DaimlerChrysler. GM also has a strong market position in the UK, Germany, Brazil, Australia and China. Strong market position enhances the brand image of the company and provides economies of scale throughout the supply chain. Robust revenue growth in Asia Pacific: The Asia-Pacific region has proved to be very encouraging and having immense potential for the company. Despite the challenges in the Asia-Pacific region, GM recorded strong revenue growth in this region with continued strong performance by Shanghai GM in China and Holden in Australia. For 2003, GM Asia Pacific (GMAP) earned $577 million, more than three times the net income of $188 million in 2002. Company is also aggressively expanding its operations in India, another big market in the region. Such a strength in this region helps the company to offset its losses in some other regions. Strong brand portfolio: GM has a strong brand portfolio.

History of Asia since 1600 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

History of Asia since 1600 - Essay Example Although, the exaggerated interest in nationalism in 30’s led to the rise of fascist and Nazi ideas, it also provoked the anti colonial liberation movements in Asia (Smith 95). The current essay will examine the peculiarities and the differences of the nationalistic movements in Eastern, Southern, and South-Eastern Asia at the end of the 19th and the beginning of 20th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, the countries of the South and Eastern Asia were completely dependent on England, France, and the Netherlands as their mother countries. For maintaining these areas, there were established specific methods of governing, from protectorate to politically powerless territories. The World War I gave a push to the creation of national economies, and, consequently, to the formation of the national capital and the working class. Transformation of the existing structures of the society caused the emergence of new conflicts between the labor and the capital, between the national capital and the capital of metropolis, and the decline of traditional elites. On the new basis, the national liberation movement began to develop. The newly formed national political parties sought to overcome the backwardness with the help of gaining national independence and modernization. In India, it was Indian peasantry that formed a major force in the national liberation movement in the interwar period. To involve a broad amount of population into this movement, it was needed to take into account socio-psychological characteristics of the Indian peasantry and urban workers, yesterday’s peasants. Prominent role in the organization of mass non-violent campaign of the resistance to the colonial regime in the 20 - 40’s of the 20th century belonged to Mahatma Gandhi. He was the one to shape India national ideology. Thanks to Gandhi, the idea of the absolute independence of India was put forward. In this respect, Indian

Training Required To Be A Soccer Player

Training Required To Be A Soccer Player Soccer players need a combination of fitness attributes such as strength, endurance, power, co-ordination, speed and agility, in order to perform and play at a high intensity considering games last 90 minutes plus, therefore as stated by (Stolen et al, 2005) success depends on players being mentally, physically, technically and tactically prepared for competition. Within this assignment I will outline the preparation requirements for a soccer player under the following headings: Strength Training, Endurance Training, Speed Agility and Quickness Training. While doing so I will give general information on each of the three topics, and then move on to give information about the specific requirements for the soccer player. Strength Training: According to Darden, (1992) Well developed, strong, lean body parts will help any athlete or non-athlete perform better. Pg: 45 Stated by Croisier et al., (2005) Strength training is very important for any competing athlete, as it corrects muscle imbalances and reduces the risk of injury, for safety it is important for everyone taking part in strength training to use a spotter and apply good lifting technique to avoid injury. Strength training is also important for non-athletes as it enhances quality of life for people as they can go about everyday tasks such as getting out of bed, getting dressed, carrying shopping bags, walking up stairs etc. (Evans, 1999). Strength training can be divided into three phases such as absolute maximal strength, explosive power, and lastly muscular endurance. McDonagh and Davies, (1984) stated that maximal strength is the biggest force that can be exerted in a single maximum voluntary contraction. According to Stone, (1981) maximal strength is proven to increase jumping ability and motor performance. The athletes main goal is to build as much maximal strength as possible so that they can turn this strength into muscular endurance and explosive power. Explosive power can be developed using a combination of heavy, moderate and light weights (Fleck and Kraemer, 2004). Plyometric training has been shown to be one of the most effective methods for improving and enhancing explosive power (Fleck and Kraemer, 2004) which occurs when the active muscle switches from rapid eccentric muscle action to rapid concentric muscle action (Luebbers et al, 2003). The purpose of plyometrics is to improve the athletes capacity to apply more force more rapidly. Therefore, the greater the athletes ability to generate maximal force or strength to begin with, the more this maximal force and strength can be converted into sport-specific power. According to Dick, (2007) a complex form of training develops muscular endurance, circuit type training which concentrates on soccer specific exercises works well. He states that including a variety of different exercises, movements, as well as equipment combinations and training methods in the circuits will help keep athletes motivated. More sports specific exercises may include using high box step ups rather than lying leg press for the leg muscles, water resistance for training leg muscles, swiss ball for working on core stability and balance. Dynamic movements such as headers, tackling, sprinting and kicks all involve a high level of muscle strength, endurance and power. Players need strength to defend against components who try to push them off the ball while in the air or on the ground, (Cabri et al, (1988). Therefore it is important for athletes to improve their soccer specific strength in the preparation period as the athlete needs to be capable of using muscle strength and power effectively and also consistently within a game and during the season Bangsbo, (1994). As stated by Bompa, (2009) the soccer players performance during the season depends on their adaption and psychological adjustment to training and competitions, and their development of skills and abilities. The duration of each of the stages below depends firstly on the competition schedule and also on the time the athlete needs to increase their level of training and athletic shape, therefore an adequate planning schedule of training and fixtures needs to be put in place. According to Davis et al, (1992) the strength training program for the soccer player is dependent on their positions which can be broken down into four stages goalkeeper, defender, midfield, and attacker given that the athletes need to build up strength and power in relation to their position on the field and what is expected of them. Sport specific training provides a stronger relationship to the soccer player then general strength training because of the way it works the muscles, the speed of the movement and the actual sporting performance Dick, (2007). The following specific requirements for the soccer player were retrieved from Bompa and Carrera, (2005); Dick, (2007); Hoff and Helgerud, (2004); Shepard, (2006) Off season In the off-season the soccer player is in the preparation stage their training to train. After their recovery and adequate rest, soccer players work on building up muscles and a solid functional strength base, they achieve this by preparing the body for more intense work in later phases, strengthening the stabiliser muscles and working on improving imbalances in the body. As soccer players in general have over developed quads from repetitive kicking action therefore they need to work on balancing flexors and extensors also, in order to reduce the risk of injury later on in the season, Off season- Early pre season In this phase the soccer player needs to build maximal strength, since power is the overall outcome, the athlete needs to develop strength first and then convert it into soccer specific power. Late pre season In the late pre season the athlete needs to keep working on muscle power and strength endurance, converting strength gains into soccer specific power and muscle endurance. For this stage plyometrics and/or circuit training should replace weight room sessions. In season-maintance During this phase the soccer player needs to maintain the gains they have made so far in the season without over reaching and overtraining. The athlete should be balanced and muscles should not be under stress, the athletes upper and lower body should be working in cohesion minimizing shock and stress and therefore reducing the risk of injury. Bobbert and Van Soest, (1994) stated that muscle training exercises need to be affiliated with sport specific motions so that the athlete can regulate their control and therefore take advantage of their enhanced muscle properties. Endurance Training: According to Tinley, (1994) endurance training involves athletes being able to keep going for long periods of time, and it also requires a high level of stamina, to develop and maintain aerobic fitness and build endurance. Non-athletes might partake in endurance training in order to improve their quality of life, so they can walk up the stairs without wheezing or run a 10k run in six months time. Stone and Kilding, (2009) stated that soccer players need a high level of aerobic fitness in order to produce and maintain power output during repeated high intensity efforts and in order to recover quickly. Bangsbo et al, (1994); Franks et al, (1999) have observed training intensities deemed suitable for endurance training, during small sided soccer games and on a dribbling track. The size of pitch, intensity, duration and number of players were also seen to have an influence on reaching target heart rate zone. As stated by Bangsbo, (1994) approximately 90% of energy during a soccer game is from aerobic sources, therefore heart rate is a valid indicator of exercise intensity for most of the training. Anaerobic endurance is important for soccer players especially strikers, they require short bursts of anaerobic power when sprinting for a ball, Shepard, (2006). The soccer player requires the following endurance training for the duration of the season Off season During the off season the athlete needs adequate rest and recovery in order to start preparation for the season as soon as possible, Bompa and Carrera, (2005). Off season- Early pre season During this stage the team takes part in small sided conditioning games, dribbling tracks, interval training or circuit training that include specific movement and skill development activities. The fitness program in this stage concentrates on aerobic and short term anaerobic endurance, Lawson, (2001); Meir et al, (2001). Late pre season The team have increased emphasis on training with the ball in order to transfer the skills and movements into their competitive environment. They are still working on drills and training programs from the last stage, although intensity has increased and sports specific adoptions have been made. The athletes develop decision making and problem solving skills under pressure and fatigue, Kelly, (2009); Little, (2006). In season-maintance During the in season the team have to maintain the aerobic fitness and sport specific skills they have acquired over the pre season training stages and apply them to their performances, Stone and Kilding, (2009). Speed Agility and Quickness Training: Speed, agility and quickness (SAQ) training is important for athletes especially those who play a sport that involves a high level of dynamic movement such as, changing direction, headers, tackling, sprinting and kicks. SAQ enables athletes to develop faster reactions so that they can accelerate more quickly and effectively, move successfully in multiple directions, change direction and decelerate quickly in order improve performance on the pitch, Pearson, (2000). Stated by Brown et al., (2000) speed, agility and quickness training drills are used to develop co-ordination, balance, and optimise neuromuscular patterning and condition. Shepherd, (2006) speed can be trained and learned through repetition and overload, speed is the athletes ability to move in the right direction through the required range of motion as fast as possible. Agility is rapid changes in direction without the loss of speed, balance, or body control, it can be improved by the use of agility ladders. Quickness this is the reaction time and the ability to move fast without hesitation. The following specific requirements for the soccer player for SAQ training were retrieved from Bompa and Carrera, (2005); Polman et al, (2003). Off season The athletes need adequate rest and recovery, in order to start preparation for season as soon as possible, Bompa and Carrera, (2005). Off season- Early pre season Teams start to train with agility ladders to improve foot speed and foot to ground contact, sprints, hops in different directions, push-ups, dribbling around cones, spot running, turn and sprint drills, working at moderate to high intensity, and adequate rest between repetitions. Late pre season Teams continue speed, agility and quickness training like last season but incorporate adaptions resisted sprints, one on one games, more sport specific movements and increase intensity of training. In season-maintance To maintain speed, agility and quickness, and their reactions that the SAQ training has taught them over the pre season training and apply the above to their performances on the pitch. Conclusion: In conclusion to this assignment on the preparation requirements for a soccer player, the following headings have been explained giving general information, Strength Training, Endurance Training, Speed Agility and Quickness Training, then moving on to give specific information about the requirements for the soccer player. According to Kraemer et al, (2004) an adequate mixture of soccer specific practices and strength and conditioning programmes which require the development of aerobic capacity, strength, power, speed, and speed endurance, can sustain and develop a soccer players physical performance therefore allowing the athlete to perform at their best throughout the whole season.

Macbeth - Macbeth Character Study Essay example -- essays research pap

Thesis: Macbeth's changing character over the course of the play can be seen in his roles a general, husband and a king. I. General A. Early in the play he is brave 1. Captain reports 2. Duncan conversation B. Late in the play he is ineffective 1. Fearful 2. Cornered II. Husband A. Initially close to wife 1. Confides in her via letter 2. Has pet name B. Later becomes distant/cold 1. Tells doctor to cure Lady Macbeth 2. Feels resignation, not anguish at her death III. King A. At first is powerful 1. Malcolm and Donaldbain free Scotland 2. He succeeds in killing Banquo B. At end is powerless 1. Fleance escapes 2. Malcolm conquers Scotland The story of Macbeth is one of power at the expense of everything. The main character, Macbeth starts out greatly admired with strong character. As the play progresses, Macbeth's personality and actions become more deceitful leading to his destruction. Macbeth's changing character over the course of the play can be seen in his roles a general, husband and a king. First, Macbeth's changing character is evident in his role as a general. As the play begins, he is a brave general, well respected by his peers. The captain returning from battle reports of this saying, "But all's too weak; for brave Macbeth (he deserves that name)" (1.2. 17-18) Duncan later confers his title as king of Scotland, claiming, "No more that thane of Cawdor shall deceive our bosom interest. Go, pronounce his present death, and with his former title,... Macbeth - Macbeth Character Study Essay example -- essays research pap Thesis: Macbeth's changing character over the course of the play can be seen in his roles a general, husband and a king. I. General A. Early in the play he is brave 1. Captain reports 2. Duncan conversation B. Late in the play he is ineffective 1. Fearful 2. Cornered II. Husband A. Initially close to wife 1. Confides in her via letter 2. Has pet name B. Later becomes distant/cold 1. Tells doctor to cure Lady Macbeth 2. Feels resignation, not anguish at her death III. King A. At first is powerful 1. Malcolm and Donaldbain free Scotland 2. He succeeds in killing Banquo B. At end is powerless 1. Fleance escapes 2. Malcolm conquers Scotland The story of Macbeth is one of power at the expense of everything. The main character, Macbeth starts out greatly admired with strong character. As the play progresses, Macbeth's personality and actions become more deceitful leading to his destruction. Macbeth's changing character over the course of the play can be seen in his roles a general, husband and a king. First, Macbeth's changing character is evident in his role as a general. As the play begins, he is a brave general, well respected by his peers. The captain returning from battle reports of this saying, "But all's too weak; for brave Macbeth (he deserves that name)" (1.2. 17-18) Duncan later confers his title as king of Scotland, claiming, "No more that thane of Cawdor shall deceive our bosom interest. Go, pronounce his present death, and with his former title,...

How People Make Economic Decisions Paper Essay

How People Make Economic Decisions Paper University of Phoenix Eco 212 May 29, 2011 Economics plays a role in every person’s day-to-day life. One aspect that it plays apart in is decision making. For every decision that is made economics is applied. There are principles that relate to decision making. First is that for every decision made there are tradeoffs, to get one thing something else is given up. The next principle is for every decision made there is a cost. The cost is what was given up. The third principle is people think rationally and rational people think on the margin, meaning that the decision is not made unless the marginal benefit exceeds the marginal cost. The final principle is that people respond to incentives. Behavior changes when cost or benefits change. These principles explain how the economy functions as a whole. Since resources are scarce people have to make decisions based on benefiting themselves on how to spend their time and money. To make rational decisions people must interact with the environment and other decision makers. These interactions lead to the best allocation of resources. When people interact with one another they make trade for resources when the benefit is mutual. For example buying a soda the buyer is thirsty and enjoys soda so he or she will benefit from the soda, and the vender will benefit from the money for the soda so the trade has been made. These interactions are affected by the economy system present. In a centrally planned economy central authorities make decisions for what would be the best use of their goods and resources. The state can set prices of goods and determine how much to produce. Therefore, decisions are not voluntary. Decisions are voluntary in a market economy where the pricing of goods and services are guided solely by the interactions of a country’s citizens and businesses. In a mixed economy system where there is a variety of public and private control decisions are voluntary as well. No matter what economic system is present for a decision to be made the marginal benefit must out way the cost. To fully understand how the decision making process works the writer of this paper will provide an example. The decision is rather she should take the assistant manager position offered to her or not. Her first choice was to decline the offer but she began to think about the marginal benefits. The benefits would be a raise in pay, a step up in the career ladder and new learning experiences . The advancement would be a step towards her goal of becoming a human resources manager for Applebee’s. Also she would gain closer relations with corporate managers. Next she had to weigh the benefits against the cost. The marginal cost in accepting the position would be more responsibility, and it would be mandatory to work longer hours. For her the marginal benefit was greater than the marginal cost so she decided to take the position. If the circumstances were different her marginal benefits and marginal cost would have changed leading to a different choice. For example, season at her restaurant is out so money on tips has decreased. If the restaurant was still in season and tips had not decreased then there would not have been a pay raise so that benefit would have been eliminated. Another factor was she wanted one managerial shift a week if her boss had not agreed to that then she would not have taken the offer, either. Many people are not aware that when they make a decision rather it be to take the day off work or buy a house they are applying economics. Even the simple transaction of buying a soda is a part of economics. It can be concluded from this example and the facts provided that economics is implemented in day-to-day life. Reference Hubbard, R. , & O’Brien, A. (2010). Economics. The University if Phoenix eBook Collection database.

General James Wolfe in the French and Indian War

General James Wolfe in the French and Indian War Major General James Wolfe was one of Britains most famous commanders during the French and Indian/Seven Years War (1754-1763). Entering the army at a young age, he distinguished himself during the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) as well as aided in putting down the Jacobite Rising in Scotland. With the beginning of the Seven Years War, Wolfe initially served in Europe before being dispatched to North America in 1758. Serving under Major General Jeffery Amherst, Wolfe played a key role in the capture of the French fortress at Louisbourg and then received command of the army tasked with taking Quebec. Arriving before the city in 1759, Wolfe was killed in the fighting as his men defeated the French and captured the city. Early Life James Peter Wolfe was born January 2, 1727, at Westerham, Kent. The eldest son of Colonel Edward Wolfe and Henriette Thompson, he was raised locally until the family moved to Greenwich in 1738. From a moderately distinguished family, Wolfes uncle Edward held a seat in Parliament while his other uncle, Walter, served as an officer in the British Army. In 1740, at the age of thirteen, Wolfe entered the military and joined his fathers 1st Regiment of Marines as a volunteer. The following year, with Britain fighting Spain in the War of Jenkins Ear, he was prevented from joining his father on Admiral Edward Vernons expedition against Cartagena due to illness. This proved to be a blessing as the attack was a failure with many of the British troops succumbing to disease during the three-month campaign. The conflict with Spain soon became absorbed into the War of the Austrian Succession. War of the Austrian Succession In 1741, Wolfe received a commission as a second lieutenant in his fathers regiment. Early the following year, he transferred to the British Army for service in Flanders. Becoming a lieutenant in the 12th Regiment of Foot, he also served as the units adjutant as it assumed a position near Ghent. Seeing little action, he was joined in 1743 by his brother Edward. Marching east as part of George IIs Pragmatic Army, Wolfe traveled to southern Germany later that year. During the course of the campaign, the army was trapped by the French along the Main River. Engaging the French at the Battle of Dettingen, the British and their allies were able to throw back several enemy assaults and escape the trap. Highly active during the battle, the teenage Wolfe had a horse shot from under him and his actions came to the attention of the Duke of Cumberland. Promoted to captain in 1744, he was shifted to the 45th Regiment of Foot. Seeing little action that year, Wolfes unit served in Field Marshal George Wades failed campaign against Lille.  A year later, he missed the Battle of Fontenoy as his regiment was posted to garrison duty at Ghent. Departing the city shortly before its capture by the French, Wolfe received a promotion to brigade major. A short time later, his regiment was recalled to Britain to aid in defeating the Jacobite Rebellion led by Charles Edward Stuart. The Forty-Five Dubbed The Forty-Five, Jacobite forces defeated Sir John Cope at Prestonpans in September after mounting an effective Highland charge against the government lines. Victorious, the Jacobites marched south and advanced as far as Derby. Dispatched to Newcastle as part of Wades army, Wolfe served under Lieutenant General Henry Hawley during the campaign to crush the rebellion. Moving north, he took part in the defeat at Falkirk on January 17, 1746. Retreating to Edinburgh, Wolfe and the army came under the command of Cumberland later that month. Shifting north in pursuit of Stuarts army, Cumberland wintered in Aberdeen before resuming the campaign in April. Marching with the army, Wolfe took part in the decisive Battle of Culloden on April 16 which saw the Jacobite army crushed. In the wake of the victory at Culloden, he famously refused to shoot a wounded Jacobite soldier despite orders from either the Duke of Cumberland or Hawley. This act of mercy later endeared him to the Scottish troops under his command in North America. The Continent and Peace Returning to the Continent in 1747, Wolfe served under Major General Sir John Mordaunt during the campaign to defend Maastricht. Taking part in the bloody defeat at the Battle of Lauffeld, he again distinguished himself and earned an official commendation. Wounded in the fighting, he remained in the field until the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the conflict in early 1748. Already a veteran at age twenty-one, Wolfe was promoted to major and assigned to command the 20th Regiment of Foot at Stirling. Often battling ill-health, he worked tirelessly to improve his education and in 1750 received a promotion to lieutenant colonel. In 1752, Wolfe received permission to travel and made trips to Ireland and France. During these excursions, he furthered his studies, made several important political contacts, and visited important battlefields such as the Boyne . The Seven Years' War While in France, Wolfe received an audience with Louis XV and worked to enhance his language and fencing skills. Though wishing to remain in Paris in 1754, the declining relationship between Britain and France forced his return to Scotland. With the formal beginning of the Seven Years War in 1756 (fighting began in North America two years earlier), he was promoted to colonel and ordered to Canterbury, Kent to defend against an anticipated French invasion. Shifted to Wiltshire, Wolfe continued to battle health issues leading some to believe that he was suffering from consumption. In 1757, he rejoined Mordaunt for a planned amphibious attack on Rochefort. Serving as quartermaster general for the expedition, Wolfe and the fleet sailed on September 7. Though Mordaunt captured ÃŽle dAix offshore, he proved reluctant to press on to Rochefort despite having caught the French by surprise. Advocating aggressive action, Wolfe scouted the approaches to the city and repeatedly asked for troops to execute an attack. The requests were refused and the expedition ended in failure. Louisbourg Despite the poor results at Rochefort, Wolfes actions brought him to the attention of Prime Minister William Pitt. Seeking to expand the war in the colonies, Pitt promoted several aggressive officers to high ranks with the goal of achieving decisive results. Elevating Wolfe to brigadier general, Pitt sent him to Canada to serve under Major General Jeffery Amherst. Tasked with capturing the fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island, the two men formed an effective team. In June 1758, the army moved north from Halifax, Nova Scotia with naval support provided by Admiral Edward Boscawen. On June 8, Wolfe was tasked with leading the opening landings in Gabarus Bay. Though supported by the guns of Boscawens fleet, Wolfe and his men were initially prevented from landing by French forces. Pushed east, they located a small landing area protected by large rocks. Going ashore, Wolfes men secured a small beachhead which allowed the remainder of Wolfes men to land. Having gained a foothold ashore, he played a key role in Amhersts capture of the city the following month. With Louisbourg taken, Wolfe was ordered to raid French settlements around the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Though the British had wished to attack Quebec in 1758, defeat at the Battle of Carillon on Lake Champlain and the lateness of the season prevented such a move. Returning to Britain, Wolfe was tasked by Pitt with the capture of Quebec. Given the local rank of major general, Wolfe sailed with a fleet led by Admiral Sir Charles Saunders. To Quebec Arriving off Quebec in early June 1759, Wolfe surprised the French commander, the Marquis de Montcalm, who had expected an attack from the south or west. Establishing his army on the Ile dOrlà ©ans and the south shore of the St. Lawrence at Point Levis, Wolfe began a bombardment of the city and ran ships past its batteries to reconnoiter for landing places upstream. On July 31, Wolfe attacked Montcalm at Beauport but was repulsed with heavy losses (Map). Stymied, Wolfe began to focus on landing to west of the city. While British ships raided upstream and threatened Montcalms supply lines to Montreal, the French leader was forced to disperse his army along the north shore to prevent Wolfe from crossing. Not believing that another assault at Beauport would be successful, Wolfe began planning a landing just beyond Pointe-aux-Trembles. This was canceled due to poor weather and on September 10 he informed his commanders that he intended to cross at Anse-au-Foulon. A small cove southwest of the city, the landing beach at Anse-au-Foulon required British troops to come ashore and ascend a slope and small road to reach the Plains of Abraham above. Moving forward on the night of September 12/13, British forces succeeded in landing and reaching the plains above by morning. Plains of Abraham Forming for battle, Wolfes army was confronted by French troops under Montcalm. Advancing to attack in columns, Montcalms lines were quickly shattered by British musket fire and soon began retreating. Early in the battle, Wolfe was struck in the wrist. Bandaging the injury he continued, but was soon hit in the stomach and chest. Issuing his final orders, he died on the field. As the French retreated, Montcalm was mortally wounded and died the next day. Having won a key victory in North America, Wolfes body was returned to Britain where he was interred in the family vault at St. Alfege Church, Greenwich alongside his father. Death of Wolfe by Benjamin West. Photograph Source: Public Domain

Age of the Dinosaurs essays

Age of the Dinosaurs essays The "Age of Dinosaurs" also known as the Mesozoic Era began over 245 million years ago. It was divided into three periods call the Triassic (245 to 208 million years ago), Jurassic (208 to 145 million years ago), and the Cretaceous (145 to 66 million years ago). The earth during the Mesozoic Era was very different than it is today. The earth was only one continent whereas today it is seven. This huge super-continent was called Pangea. During the Jurassic period Pangea was separated into two continents known as Laurasia and Gondwanaland, and during the Cretaceous period, the continents as we know them today began to appear. Just as in the future the continents we look much different as know them now. Evidence show that at the beginning of the Triassic period, before the dinosaurs appeared, the global temperature of the Earth was averaged around 50 degrees to 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Although the end of the period the temperature became hotter and the humidity became drier. Desserts also began to appear. Ginkgo trees and fern forests began to appear in the Northern Hemisphere while close to the equator conifer forests and cycads appeared. Horsetails grew near bodies of water. Volcano's spewed out great lava flows. In this setting the first dinosaurs began to appear. They were primitive mammal-like reptiles. Many animals such as the Pelycosauria, became extinct, and these similar reptile appears. The carnivorous Cynognathus, a four-legged animal with sharp teeth and large fangs took the Pelycosaurai's place. This dinosaur could take a more nearly upright posture at times, in sharp contrast to the pelycoaurs and the labrinthodonts. The Cynognathus, in anatomy, was actually more like a mammal itself. It even might have been warm blooded and live bearing. As the Triassic period unfolded, the therapsid assemblage declined and new animal life forms appeared. These were the first of the din ...

Critical Roads into Volpone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Critical Roads into Volpone - Essay Example For instance, â€Å"Just as Dantes hell is the spiritual inverse of heaven, Jonsons Venice is the moral inverse of every humanistic ideal which, as outlined in his poem† (Baker and Harp n.p.). Despite holding different opinions on morality, both authors believed in punishment of evil as demonstrated in their works. One weakness in Baker and Harp’s argument is that they fail to demonstrate the two works as comedies. Their argument that the story of Gianni Schicci evokes a comical effect is not sufficient. Furthermore, their attempt to classify the two works as comedies is inadequate. Their commentary requires more illustrations. One word that I recognized but had to look up to clarify was ‘Augur’ meaning a religious official in the ancient Rome who observed and interpreted natural signs as an indication of divine approval or disapproval of a proposed decision or action. I searched from

How have the wars changed womens lives in the Congo Puechguirbal Essay

How have the wars changed womens lives in the Congo Puechguirbal argues that Congolese women must be a part of the peace process. Do you think this would change things If so, how If not, why - Essay Example During the war in Congo, men left their women and families and moved to the forests to defend their communities. The women were left to care for their families which proved very difficult without the companion of their husbands. No economic activity or farming was taking place during this time of war and the stored food run out. Women were faced by hunger and they were left in pain watching their children die out of hunger. A report from the UN showed that 12% of the deaths during the war were caused by lack of food. This war left many women childless and without husbands since most of them were killed in the forest during the war and this has brought the greatest social inequality that ever existed in the world. Sexual violation was rampant during this war as the women were forced to have sex since they were armless and at the same time harmless. Women were forced to have sex to protect their children from being killed and this led to traumatization among women and an increased spread of sexually transmitted diseases. No medical care was operating during the war and hence the women were not treated after the sexual assaults. The results were unwanted children leading to an end of the happy families that existed(Gettleman, 2007,p.7). The war has created a situation that has led to women living in fear and with no trust on their military. Women have also been burdened with the responsibility of taking care of their children since the number of men reduced massively and the report by UN showed that 41.3% of all the women in Condo are single mothers(Gettleman, 2007,p.7). Despite the severe impacts, the Congo people have been positive in rebuilding their nation through peace-making processes. The united Nation in conjunction with government has played a big role in the process that has involved not only the political giants but also the people on the ground. Puechguirbal

Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Analysis - Essay Example China remains one of the economies with the greatest impact on other economies. This is attributed to the rapid growth rate growth rate of almost ten percent for the last ten years. The objective of this paper is to give a detailed analysis concerning the rise of china’s economy. In addition, the paper provides an in-depth analysis of the impacts of china’s economy on the United States. The economy of China grows because of a number of reasons. For instance, china’s substantial investment in infrastructure plays a key role in the growth of its economy. The many forms of transportation make trade easy hence improved local and international trade. For instance, the availability of railway transport system in China and other forms of transport help improve the economy of China. The rail network in China is now more than many countries in the world. The most important thing about this is that China keeps investing in infrastructure on a yearly basis. By the year 2006, China had overtaken India by eleven thousand kilometers that were the leading by then with sixty-four thousand kilometers. In addition, availability of water, power, drinking water, and irrigation in China surpasses many countries in the whole world. For instance, the development of China concerning these dimensions is three times that of India. Therefore, infrastructure development in China plays a significant role regarding its economy growth. China’s economy remains growing at a faster rate because of the increasing number of manufacturing industries. For this reason, therefore, China is the greatest exporter of goods in the entire world. In addition, China is also the second largest importer of goods. The growth in the export and import of goods in China shows its improved purchasing power. Furthermore, China being the least importer of services products gives a sneak preview of its

Cross Cultural Studies in Gender Essay Example for Free

Cross Cultural Studies in Gender Essay Most research into gender roles has occurred in Western societies, and generally shows a clear divide in gender roles, most encouraging masculine behaviour in boys, and feminine behaviour in girls. However, in order to further explore the idea of nature vs. nurture (biological vs. social approach); it is important to research gender roles in a variety of countries. If clear themes, it may indicate that gender role development is nature, as would show that men are similar to men across the whole world, and likewise for females, showing there must be something determining the way men work, whereas if there are clear culture differences, it would imply social factors determine gender. Cross cultural research has been explored for many years by anthropologists. Some of the earliest work came from Margret Mead in the 1930’s. Comparing three Papua New Guinean tribes, the Arapesh, the Mundugumor and the Tchambuli, she discovered different behaviours displayed by both men and women in each individual tribe. In the Arapesh, men and women were seen to be gentle, responsive- fitting the Western stereotype as feminine. In the Mundugumor tribe, she found males and females to violent and aggressive- the Western stereotype of masculinity and finally in the Tchambuli tribe, she found role reversal to Western stereotypes, as males were more emotionally dependant and flirtatious, whereas the females were dominant, impersonal and definite. Although at first, Mead concluded that her research showed that gender roles came through cultural determinism as big differences were found between males and females in different cultures, implying that gender roles were driven by social factors. However, after later analysis and extending her research to look at other tribes in Samoa, she changed her view (1949) to that her research actually showed cultural determinism, as despite differences in the roles males and females played in each society, in all the societies she looked at men were more aggressive than the women, contributing to the idea that gender role is determined by nature, as there are some behaviours which are innate and universal, e. g. ggression in men, but that degree to which they are expressed is relative to the particular culture. This fits under the biosocial approach, as her research suggests there are some behaviours which are universal, but the degrees to which these behaviours are expressed depends on social factors, such as culture. Mead’s study was a natural experiment, meaning the tribes were observed in their usual environment, suggesting she was noting their true behaviour. However, her method has been heavily criticised by other psychol ogists such as Freeman (1984). Her research was conducted through interviews and observations of the tribes, but Freeman who also worked with Samoan tribes was told that Mead provided the tribesmen with what she wanted them to say. Although this questions the validity of her research, in later years there has been lots of cross cultural research to show differences and similarities and divisions of labour and behaviour by gender in every society (Munroe and Munroe 1975). Further research to support the nature side of the argument is from Whiting and Edwards 1975. Through looking at 11 non-western societies, they found that gender roles were organised in similar ways across a range of traditional cultures. They found girls were encouraged to spend more time with their mothers and were more likely to be given domestic and childcare jobs, whereas the boys were likely to be assigned jobs outside the house such as herding animals. This lead to girls spending more time with younger infants and adults, whereas boys spent more time with their peers, and so It seemed younger girls were found to be more responsible and nurturing than boys who in early adolescence began to get more responsibility. Whiting and Edwards concluded that the behavioural differences observed came about because of the tasks they are given. Girls are taught how to be responsible at a young age as they are exposed to female role models, and develop skills of caring for younger siblings. In another, Whiting and Whiting (1988) observed children in their natural environment with parents, siblings and peers. There were universal differences that girls were more nurturing and boys showed more dominance. However, the fact there were key differences between boys and girls such as what they were socialised into, and what they were encouraged to achieve, implies that both upbringing and biology play a role in development; socialisation just magnifies the biological difference, hence differences across cultures such as between US and India. Bee (1995) supported the idea of socialisation being the most important factor in determining gender, as he stated children became the company they keep. However, researches such as Omar et al found similarities in varied countries such as Switzerland, Ethiopia and the US. Their research indicated that all boys show higher levels of competitiveness and aggression than females, indicating there are underling biological factors. Further support for the nurture argument comes from Berry et al (2002). They studied male superiority on spatial perceptual tasks in 17 societies. He found that this superiority is only found in relatively tight knit, sedentary societies but absent in nomadic societies. This shows that the magnitude of sex differences is linked to culture and ecology. In tight knit societies, the division of labour is greatest because women stay at home whilst men travel, whereas in nomadic societies, both men and women travel and hunt so there is less division of labour (Van Leeuwen 1978). Therefore, this implies that social factors dictate gender role, due to the cultural differences in division of labour found. Berry’s large study of a variety of societies indicates his results can be representative of the general population and we can generalise results. However, Kimura (1999) offered an alternative biological interpretation, that in hunting societies, those with poor spatial perception are likely to die, thus eliminating such genes from the gene pool. This explains why in nomadic societies, there would be less gender difference in spatial abilities. Further biological support comes from Buss et al (1989). Involving 10,000 participants from 37 cultures, he found universal themes in what males and females looked for in marriage partners. Women desired males who had good financial prospects, whereas men placed more important in physical attraction and youthfulness. Both sexes agreed intelligence, kindness and reliability are important. Due to the fact these finding were universal, and the scale of the study implies we can generalise, it suggests gender roles are biologically determined. However, an alternative argument may be that women look for providers, not because of biology, but because of the fact women tend to earn less in society, and in some countries, have fewer rights, which is a social issue determining differences in gender roles. But despite the fact that labour division are the same in most cultures- irls are brought up to be nurturing, responsible and obedient, likely to raise the children, whereas boys are raised to be more independent, self-reliant and high-achieving, and provide for their family, suggest that it is biology that determines sex roles. However, it is difficult to decipher whether division is the direct outcome of biological differences or whether it is a more indirect outcome of biological differences. Eagly and Wood argued that all cultures shape their socialisation processes along with the lines of inborn biological tendencies. However, there has been research to counter this. Sugihara and Katsurada (2002) found that Japanese men do no not seek to be macho like Americans, but instead value being well-rounded in the arts (usually associated as femininity), showing that labour divisions are not the same in all cultures. As well as looking at the divisions of labour between difference cultures, there has also been research into the differences between gender roles in collectivist and individualistic cultures. In 2002, Chang, Guo and Hau, compared 145 American and 173 Chinese students by giving the students a 10 item Egalitarian Gender Role Attitudes Scale, which measured their attitudes to gender equality at home and in the work place. Chang et al found that American students emphasised the important of equal gender roles at work, whereas the Chinese students emphasised the importance of equality at home and in the family. Although this does indicate differences, this may be due to the nature of their home country. In communist China, equality at work is taken for granted. Further exploring this, Leung and Moore (2003) compared Australians of English and Chinese decent using Bem’s SRI and fond differences in line with the Hofstede’s dimensions. Both male and female English Australians showed masculine traits which are valued in individualistic cultures, whereas Chinese Australian’s; male and female, showed feminine traits valued in a collectivist culture. Both research studies imply that cultural values and expectations have a strong on the development of gender roles and expectations (nurture). A big problem with much research is how you measure sex stereotypes. Williams and Best (1990) study highlighted some of the problems linked to this. 2,800 university students from 30 different nations were given a 300 item adjective checklist (ACL) and asked to decide for each adjective whether it was associated more with men or women. They found a broad consensus across countries- men were seen as more dominant, aggressive and autonomous, whereas women were more nurturing, deferent and interested in affiliation. This suggests there are universal gender stereotypes about gender roles, indicating, they are derived though our genes. However, this study proposed many problems in how they measured sex stereotypes. Firstly, the participants had to pick either male or female, there was no equal category (although there was a ‘cannot say’ category) which may have resulted in the division in gender roles being exaggerated. Furthermore, the task was related to stereotypes, not actual behaviours. Some argue that such stereotypes have a significant effect on socialisation within the culture, and this are related to behaviour, but the data does not demonstrate this. Finally, because all of the participants are students, it indicates there behaviours are similar e. g. intelligences, and exposed to similar influences which may explain the broad consensus. Another problem is a lot of the cross-cultural research has been collected by western researchers, therefore, even though they were collecting data in western and non-western societies, the method of research will be developed by western psychology. This may indicated imposed etic, and the data collected is meaningless and demonstrates cultural bias. To overcome this, Berry et al (2002) concluded that there should be a greater use of more genuine indigenous research, opposed to indigenous researchers carrying out the method of western psychologists. To conclude, despite methodological problems, due to the universal similarity in gender roles found in various investigations, it indicated that biology drives gender roles. However, difference found between cultures indicates social factors are also important, so there is a complex interaction between both factors, so the biosocial approach may be a more suitable approach, as it is less deterministic and acknowledges both aspects. As well, it is important to account for historical changes. Much research was done in the 1970/1980’s when the gender gap in many western countries was much larger than is it today, as it is now accepted that both males and females work, and parental equality. However, males still occupy more powerful positions than women, and women perform more domestic duties. But it is an important factor to consider when looking at data.